Baron Lionel Walter Rothschild of Tring
One of Britain's best known Gentleman Collectors & Naturalists
1868- 1937
OVERVIEW
Baron Lionel Walter Rothschild Ph.D., F.R.S., J.P.
Baron Lionel Walter Rothschild of Tring will always occupy a place of honour in the history of Zoology. The collections contained in what was the Rothschild family house at Tring in Hertfordshire, that he founded and maintained, were the largest ever assembled by one man, and were unrivalled in their time and still are today.
Baron Lionel Walter Rothschild of Tring loved animals and left his house at Tring as a Museum for the British Nation. It is now The Natural History Museum at Tring.
Finance & Naturalia | The beginning of the Museum
As with most private and public collections, the beginning of what has grown into an important Museum was haphazard. Like so many boys, the Honourable Lionel Walter Rothschild, the eldest of the three children of the first Lord Rothschild, head of the famous banking house of N.M.Rothschild and Sons, interested himself in Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, beginning to collect at the early age of seven. His devotion to natural history collections remained with him to the end of his life.
The name of Rothschild is so intimately connected with finance but Walter Rothschild’s financier father was also keen on botany and kept an aviary for his own enjoyment and that of his children, all three of whom remained equally fond of animals. Â
In Walter Rothschild’s life, however, the dominance of natural history was extreme and considering his life story, I draw some of my own parallels with the traits and circumstances and privileges of Sir Vauncey Harpur Crewe at Calke Abbey in Derbyshire, although Vauncey was 22 years older than Walter.
INTRODUCTION TO THE WORLD OF ZOOLOGY
A privileged childhood
Walter Rothschild was a delicate child who could not be exposed to the rough and tumble of school life, and therefore was educated entirely at home under a governess and tutor. Admiration for the intelligent boy and early flattery accustomed him to regard himself as the centre of his world and to expect the fulfilment of his boyish wishes as a natural corollary of his important position.Â
Shy by nature, he became unduly self-centred as he grew up and averse to asking advice. He had ample opportunities in London for indulging in his hobby by buying specimens from natural history dealers, the collections gradually getting too large for the schoolroom and being then stored in a spare bedroom at the back of the house; these collections consisted chiefly of insects, with the addition of a few mounted mammals and birds. The young naturalist had the great advantage of an early acquaintance with a friend of the family, Dr.Albert Günther, the Keeper of Zoology in the British Museum, with whom he remained intimate until Dr.Günther’s death. Â
The ZSL and The British Museum
Visits were often made to the Zoological Gardens in London to Dr.Günther, and also to the British Museum where Dr. Gray and Mr Edward Gerrard, the leading British Taxidermist and Naturalist, led the management and development of the Natural History section of the Museum.Â
These visits tended to drive Walter’s interest even further, and motivate him greatly and the admiration for all the strange creatures he saw perhaps created in his subconsciousness the ambition to one day possess similar collections of his very own.
Anything large made a deep impression on Walter Rothschild. His predilection for Ratite birds like Ostriches and Cassowaries, and also Giant Tortoises, and his pride in having record horns and fishes in his Museum, exemplify this trait.Â
The last insects he bought were some Attacus caesar moths which come from the Philippines, among which there was one specimen larger than any he had of that species in his collection. Â
As a boy and youth he was an assiduous field-collector of insects and skilful in setting even very small specimens, a skill he lost in later years. However, he never learned to skin a mammal or bird.Â
Creating one of the world's largest natural history museums
Besides the aviary of his father, there were already Kangaroos of various kinds and Emus and Rheas in Tring Park, and now enclosures were built in a paddock for a small number of mammals and Cassowaries, and this was the beginning of a zoological garden (imagine!).
The collections of skins and insects had already so much increased while Walter Rothschild was still at Cambridge that they had to be stored at Tring in rented rooms and sheds, and it became obvious that adequate premises had to be provided in which they were not exposed to deterioration.Â
His father gave him a piece of ground on the outskirts of Tring Park. Here he built a cottage for the insects and books and a smaller one attached to it for a caretaker. The building for a public museum was opened in August 1892 and housed one of the world’s largest natural history collections.   Â
Whoever advised him in the making of the plans for this public Museum forgot that all the specimens exhibited should be plainly visible. However, there was one advantage in making the glass cases too high: Walter Rothschild had evidently learnt from Dr.Günther that it is essential for the good preservation of specimens not to expose them to direct sunlight, so that there is certainly no danger that the colours of any of the animals and birds exhibited in these cases will fade.
Chaos is transformed into a Museum
After leaving the University of Cambridge, Walter Rothschild, following family tradition, joined the firm of Messrs.N.M.Rothschild and Sons with the objective of studying finance under the tuition of his father, and he found very little time for his collections.Â
Although the mounted vertebrates in the public gallery were quite safe, being well looked after by the caretaker, Mr.A.Minall; the insects, for which one or two attendants had been engaged, were more exposed to damage on the shelves and in the corners where the boxes were piled up high.
The accumulation of all the collections had become chaotic, and Dr. A.Günther urgently advised his young friend to put a reliable zoologist as Curator in charge, recommending Mr.Ernst Hartert who was collecting bird skins at that time on the Dutch islands off the coast of Venezuela for Count Berlepsch.  Mr Hartert came to Tring as Curator in April 1893.
By the time Hartert joined, the collections were already of great size and considerable scientific value. However, there was much material of inferior quality, and some of it was of little use because the data necessary for research were not preserved.
The  collections were  soon brought into some sort of order and it is noted that “The Museum contained two distinct departments. The first was The Public Galleries,Â
With about 950 stuffed mammals, 3,600 stuffed birds. It also had about 200 reptiles, and about 300 fishes,stuffed and preserved in spirit. It also had about 1,500 insects, crustaceans and arachnids.
The Students’ Department was entirely devoted to ornithology, coleoptera, and lepidoptera.  There were about 40,000 skins of over 7,000 species of birds; 350,000 specimens of beetles from more than 60,000 species; and with the Lepidoptera the collection contained about 300,000 specimens from nearly 25,000 species. Wow!
At Cambridge where he studied Zoology, the foundation was laid for the creation of an Ornithological collection of the Tring Museum when Walter purchased some New Zealand birds from Sir Walter Buller. Walter Rothschild’s interest was so thoroughly roused that he sent Henry Palmer, a sailor who could skin birds, to the Chatham Islands with the sole object of collecting all the species of birds occurring on the islands. The description of a new Pigeon in 1891, from these islands was Walter Rothschild’s first contribution to the literature of Zoology (and his last notes in 1937 were on his favourite Cassowaries).
Baron Rothschild says goodbye to Finance - Blackmail Ruins Him - The End of His Life is Near
HE FINALLY SAYS GOODBYE TO FINANCE
In 1908 at the age of 44, he retired from the City, having neither inclination nor ability for finance, and decided to spend his time on scientific pursuits and travel. He largely ignored fixed budgets for the museum, and continued spending money including on building a new library.Â
He had frequently been for four or five weeks in the Alps, but had never gone outside Europe. From 1908 to 1914 he visited various European countries and North Africa, always with the object of increasing his collections. Â
When on an earlier visit to Hungary in 1902, Rothschild brought six live edible dormice (Glis glis) back to Tring. Some of them escaped and started breeding successfully in the wild. They have now become a localised pest over an area of approximately 200 square miles in a triangle between Luton, Aylesbury and Beaconsfield, and there are estimated to be at least 10,000 of them.
My own daughter’s house and attic has been invaded by these Glis Glis, and even though they are considered an invasive species, they are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
BLACKMAIL IS THE START OF THE RUIN
In 1931, when arrangements were nearly completed for an expedition to New Guinea with the object of collecting birds and Lepidoptera, Lord Rothschild was suddenly confronted with a blackmail demand to pay a large debt. Though he never married, Rothschild had two mistresses in his life at the same time, one of whom bore him a daughter. There was a third mistress who was married, and whose name was never revealed. Turns out that the blackmail had been going on for 40 years.Â
The blackmail forced him to sell the bird-collection in order to meet the demands, because the sum required was huge and the outlook in the City was very gloomy. He tried in vain to exclude from the final sale the Parrots and Birds of Paradise in addition to the Ratites, but had to be content with keeping only the Ratites and a few specimens of rarities not represented in the British Museum.Â
In 1932 the collection was packed up and sent to the buyer – The American Museum of Natural History in New York that paid the sum of $225,000 for the collection. The loss of it was a great shock to him. He missed the birds, and it was very hard to make him realise that in consideration of his age and his financial position, it was useless to try to build up a bird-collection again. It was a disaster for him which preyed on his mind to the end of his days, and the end of his days were very close…
THE END OF HIS LIFE COME SUDDENLY
Still reeling from the shock of the blackmail and the forced sale of his bird collection, in May 1935, when walking from the Museum to the mansion, he slipped in a paved tunnel in the grounds and injured his left knee very severely. Â
He became an invalid, and this affected his daily life to the extent that he could spend no more than a couple of hours a day amongst his beloved collection in the Museum.
Just two years later in June 1937 his back began to trouble him and his spinal cord was found to be affected by cancer.
He died in August 1937 at the age of 73.Â
Lionel Walter Baron Rothschild Left The Grandest of Legacies
At the time of his death the Museum buildings contained, amongst many other things,Â
2,004 complete mounted mammals
207Â heads
335 pairs of horns and antlers
6 large Elephant tusks, and many skeletons and skulls
13 Gorillas
25 Chimpanzees
228 Marsupials
24 Echidnas – the most valuable specimen from the commercial point of view being the Quagga.
2,400Â mounted birds, including 18 Apteryx, 62 Cassowaries, 62 Birds of Paradise, 520 Hummingbirds, the Great Auk with skeleton and two eggs,and a fine Korean Eagle.
680 Reptiles and Amphibians, including 144 Giant Tortoises.
Two million specimens of Lepidoptera
AÂ Library of nearly 30,000 books.
Baron Rothschild offered the entire freehold buildings, collections, and library to the British Museum on condition that the Tring Museum should be continued in some form or other as an Institute for Zoological Research.
His reputation as a Zoologist will be lasting.   Â
(article inspired by the NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE 1938 by Dr Karl Jordan FRS )
